A Taste for Carbon Dioxide

The remarkable affinity of the microbial enzyme iron nitrogenase for the greenhouse gas CO₂ makes it useful for future biotechnologies

Nitrogenases are among the most geochemically important enzymes on Earth, providing all forms of life with bioavailable nitrogen in the form of ammonia (NH₃). Some nitrogenases can also directly convert CO₂ into hydrocarbon chains, making them an exciting target for the development of biotechnological processes. A team of researchers in Marburg, Germany, led by Max Planck scientist Johannes Rebelein, has now provided a comprehensive insight into the substrate specificity and preferences of nitrogenase. Their results challenge the current understanding of nitrogenases and highlight their potential for sustainable bioproduction.

Nitrogen is one of the main building blocks of our cells. However, most of the nitrogen on Earth occurs as gaseous N₂ and is chemically unusable by cells. Only a single family of enzymes is able to convert N₂ into the bioavailable form of ammonia (NH₃): nitrogenases.

Researchers led by Johannes Rebelein from the Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology in Marburg have recently discovered that some nitrogenases can also deal with another important substrate: They reduce the greenhouse gas CO₂ to hydrocarbons (methane, ethylene, ethane) and formic acid. All these productas are potential energy sources and industrially important chemicals. With a view to sustainable, carbon-neutral bioproduction, the team wanted to know: How well can the enzymes discriminate between CO₂ and N₂? And do microorganisms that grow on N₂ also reduce CO₂ under normal, physiological conditions?

Two isoenzymes

To answer these questions, the researchers focused on the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus, which harbors two isoenzymes: the molybdenum (Mo) nitrogenase and the iron (Fe) nitrogenase, which the bacterium needs as a reserve in the event of molybdenum deficiency. The researchers isolated both nitrogenases and compared their CO₂ reduction using biochemical tests. They found that the Fe nitrogenase actually reduces CO₂ three times more efficiently than its molybdenum containing counterpart and produces formic acid and methane at atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. 

When both enzymes were offered CO₂ and N₂ at the same time, another important difference became apparent: while Mo-nitrogenase selectively reduces N₂, Fe-nitrogenase tends to choose CO₂ as a substrate. "Normally, a higher reaction speed in enzymes comes at the expense of accuracy. Interestingly, Mo-nitrogenase is both faster and more selective, showing its advantage in N₂ reduction. The lower specificity of Fe nitrogenase and its preference for CO₂ make it a promising starting point for the development of novel CO₂ reductases," says Frederik Schmidt, PhD student in Johannes Rebelein's lab and co-author of the study. 

Wide-spread CO₂ reduction in nature?

The low selectivity was not the only surprise. "We analyzed which fraction of electrons ended up in which product and found that methane and high concentrations of formic acid derived from CO₂ conversion by Fe nitrogenase were secreted by the bacteria even when no additional CO₂ was added to the culture: the metabolically derived CO₂ was sufficient to drive this process. This finding suggests that Fe nitrogenase-catalyzed CO₂ reduction may indeed be widespread in nature," says Niels Oehlmann, co-first author of the study. This also means that the availability and exchange of one-carbon substrates is likely to influence microbial communities in different environments.

The work challenges the traditional view of nitrogenases as true nitrogen-converting enzymes. Photosynthetic bacteria such as R. capsulatus, which use light energy to stimulate nitrogenases to convert the greenhouse gas CO₂, could play a key role not only in their environmental impact, but also in the societal shift towards a sustainable circular economy, says Johannes Rebelein. "The idea is that we can store the energy from the sunlight captured by the microorganism's photosynthetic apparatus in the hydrocarbons produced by nitrogenase. In the future, we want to further develop the iron nitrogenase in order to use it for CO₂ fixation and utilization.”